[GS_C_BSM] Hole Formation in Oxygen-Mediated Predator-Prey Dynamics with Non-monotonic Motility
ABSTRACT
We present a predator–prey model in which interactions between active predators and passive prey are mediated by a shared environmental field. Predators modulate their motility non-monotonically in response to local oxygen levels, generating an indirect, field-mediated interaction between species. We demonstrate that this non-monotonicity dynamically reverses the effective taxis direction, engendering complex collective behaviors, including high-density islands, bubble-like structures, and rim and swarming feeding patterns. Our results establish that non-monotonic adaptation to environment is a critical mechanism reshaping effective interactions and driving pattern formation in biological systems.
